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Rna is found in all cells, it's basically an intermediate step between Dna(gene) ->rna-> proteins

ATCG are abbreviation for nucleotides that make up Dna, the dna is a double strand of nucleotide sequences, a segement Is a part of Dna or Rna that could be thousands of nucleotides long.

It is a shift.

Because b2 gives a protein that has same function as b1(very similar, so same effect on your body), but it is just different enough to let the new virus escape your immune system
Draguen, NuclearVision, thank you so much for taking the time to answer me.
Now all I want is to play with microbes and learn this stuff... TOO MANY INTERESTING THINGS IN THE WORLD >.<
unlike technology, biology is facinating, for the simple fact that it is well done but it is not us who made it.
Joe wrote@NuclearVision: What are the cases where the flu vaccine is highly recommended as opposed to be a luxury and convenience?
That depends. I always had horrible immunity since I was a child and well into my 30s. I would stay very sick all winter and all spring. Going to a crowded pub at night was suicide. I would go home sick. The only way around it was a flu shot in October and another one in March. A doctor put me on multivitamin pills for long years.
This year, after starting to lose weight (9KG so far), I haven't been sick once. I didn't get the flu shot and I even stopped the multivitamin pills. Now, I walk under the rain for heck of it.
So it seems to depend on people's immune system and health.

For healthy people, it's basically enjoying the benefits of modern medicine and how it makes lives easier.
NuclearVision wrote
Joe wroteOh I'm not opening this can of worms.
Definitely not for today! added to read later.
Definitely not ever, is more like it.
Biology, as opposed to human creation (i'm talking about human made items here, no religious connotations) is in my opinion, the most elegant science because of a simple rule : its design must be efficient or they will simply disappear. Every race or species that were roaming the earth at some point, provided a solution to environmental constraints.

now the fun thing, we can actually "hack" evolution and make it go where we want, the thing is that we're not very good at it, and when we do something there's usually side effects down the line.

Google CRISPR and gene editing solutions, i honestly believe that enhanced humans are closer than everyone thinks, by the time we're old slugs (two or three breakthrough away), babies with improved characteristics will probably roam the earth.

we could argue that it's already happening, and the worst thing is that it will happen in small to medium labs in shitty countries, since the technology is practically communly available, but the legal repercussions will cripple big labs.

and this is only one tiny point of what we're soon going to be capable of.

Imagine human gene editing lead by an A.I ? shit i would love to write a paper on that.
just to add on that, human sequencing, which was led in the 2000s by the "Human Genome Project" cost arround 5 Bilions USD. However, today the price for a DNA sequencing is around 200 $ , and honestly you can shop around during Black Friday.

Now, let's be creative and project yourself in 10 years, the cost of human sequencing is down to a dollar, and we've fed as many full DNA sequences to an A.I as possible, with the objective of the A.I to create the perfect human (health, height, intelligence, athletics and a pinch of healthy sarcasm). we would just have to find a way to write the DNA exactly as we want.

but let's be clear, i took some heavy-handed shortcuts in my previous paragraph : we haven't fully sequenced the human DNA (heterochrimatin issue), the DNA to expressed phenotype (physical characteristic) is very very complicated and far from a straight line and finally, we're far from being able to write DNA sequencing as easily as we type letters on a keyboard.

But you know, we're close enough, if you're ready to bear the consequences of approximations in human DNA
Joe wroteHumans have been messing with biology since the dawn of time. Look at chihuahuas, you think these things existed in nature? Hell no! Humans have engineered these useless things to be cute and apartment friendly.
On a side note, i have 3 chihuahuas.