aliessayli2 wrotenuclearcat wrote
For Lebanon, i feel there is no decent (modern times) scientists doing any study about water supply, just too much bullshit and speculations on media, it is very scary situation.
http://www.cnrs.edu.lb/
Websites is dead, looking to archive.org i didnt found anything decent there.
http://rsensing.cnrs.edu.lb/ dead as well
I have even in my small home city they provide quite often reports about water quality and composition. (By looking to historic values of TDS and other composition you can estimate situation of reserves).
Here is also what i found, but searching for Lebanon, something like "Below is a quantitative assessment of the annual water balance and water resources of the XXXX region and their use during the period of regulated flow of rivers" & "Currently, local underground water (
According to a summary of the state statistical reporting) are selected in the amount of 10-14 million m3, the reserve is estimated at 30-32 million m3 (Subject of explored, approved and promising underground water reserves)."
Here is only what i found
http://www.databank.com.lb/docs/Lebanon%20National%20Report,%20Gateway%20to%20Land%20and%20Water%20Information.doc
Ground water
About 70% of Lebanon is constituted from carbonate rocks, that are ranging in age from Middle Jurassic to Eocene. Most of them are extensively fractured and cavernous limestones. This is, in addition to the karstic character of the land topography, enhancing the infiltration level to feed ground water reservoirs. The presence of impermeable rock intercalation serves in restricting groundwater in aquiferous formations.
In Lebanon, 8 major aquifers can be considered. A total volume of groundwater is estimated as 1360 Mm3.
Hand-dug in Lebanon are old and generally of low capacity (less than 20 l/sec). Their number does not exceed a few hundred with the majority being located on small private farms. The major abstraction of ground water is secured by about 2500 wells, which tap the major regional aquifers. Other wells, estimated to be about 1000, are scattered in the area of Beirut. The depth of these wells varies from 50 to 300 m depending on the aquifer with an average of about 150-m. The discharge averages 35 l/sec/well with a range of 20 to 80 l/sec. The overpumping from these wells is considered as the major reason of salt-water intrusion. This problem has been effectively arise in the coastal area.
1. Surface water badins (watersheds): Two major orientations of watersheds in Lebanon can be considered. They are related mainly to the river orientations (i.e. coastal and inner rivers). Major watersheds can be ditached in Lebanon. The coastal ones are almost E-W directed while the inner ones are relatively in a NE-SW direction. The most frequent catchment area is about 200-250 km2.
[Map 3.1.2: Classification of the Lebanese catchments with their hydrologic characteristics]
2. Subsurface water basins: Although of some attempts to build a dependable scheme of the Lebanese subsurface basins, yet no realistic measure has been known. The exclusively tectonic framework in Lebanon makes it difficult to presume the subsurface water collectors. Anticlines and synclines, the major ground base for ground water restriction, are majority disturbed and damaged by fracturing systems. This leads to study these systems, hereby classify them into fracturing zones. The utility of remote sensing proved to be a powerful tool in this concern. Subsurface water collector's couls be defined via interpretable of satellite images. This study is still on-going project done by Lebanese National Center of Remote Sensing since 2000.